The DISPLAY Verb
- Used to display several data items or literals or any combination of these
- The WITH NO ADVANCING clause suppresses the carriage return/line feed
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. DisplayOption.
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 Int-1 PIC 999 VALUE 100.
01 Alph-1 PIC XXX VALUE “ABC”
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
MAIN-ROUTINE.
DISPLAY Int-1
DISPLAY Alpha-1
DISPLAY “Demonstrating NO ADVANCING Option”
DISPLAY Int-1 WITH NO ADVANCING
DISPLAY Alpha-1
DISPLAY Alpha-1
STOP RUN.
The ACCEPT Verb
- Gets the user response and stores the data in the memory allocated for the Identifier in the WS section
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION.
PROGRAM-ID. AcceptAndDisplay.
DATA DIVISION.
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION.
01 StudentDetails.
02 StudentName.
03 Surname PIC X(8).
03 Initials PIC XX.
02 StudentId PIC 9(7).
02 CourseCode PIC X(4).
02 Section PIC 9(4).
02 Gender PIC X.
01 CurrentDate.
02 CurrentYear PIC 99.
02 CurrentMonth PIC 99.
02 CurrentDay PIC 99.
01 DayOfYear.
02 FILLER PIC 99.
02 YearDay PIC 9(3).
01 CurrentTime.
02 CurrentHour PIC 99.
02 CurrentMinute PIC 99.
02 FILLER PIC 9(4).
PROCEDURE DIVISION.
Begin.
DISPLAY "Enter student details using template below".
DISPLAY "NNNNNNNNNNSSSSSSSCCCCGGGGS ".
ACCEPT StudentDetails.
ACCEPT CurrentDate FROM DATE.
ACCEPT DayOfYear FROM DAY.
ACCEPT CurrentTime FROM TIME.
DISPLAY "Name is ", Initials SPACE Surname.
DISPLAY "Date is " CurrentDay SPACE CurrentMonth SPACE CurrentYear.
DISPLAY "Today is day " YearDay " of the year".
DISPLAY "The time is " CurrentHour ":" CurrentMinute.
STOP RUN.
The MOVE Verb
- Copies data from the Identifier-1 or literal to one or more destination identifiers
- The source and destination identifiers can be group or elementary data items
MOVEing Data to Alphanumeric Item
- When the destination item is alphanumeric or alphabetic (PIC X or A) data is copied into the destination area from left to right
- If receiving field is longer, low-order (right-most) positions are replaced with spaces
- If receiving field is shorter, low-order characters in sending field are truncated
MOVEing Data to Numeric Item
- Data is aligned along the decimal point
- When the decimal point is not explicitly specified in either the source or destination items, the item is treated as if it had an assumed decimal point immediately after its rightmost character
- Digits in integer part moved right to left starting at decimal point
- Unfilled high-order (leftmost) integer positions filled with zeros if receiving field has more integer positions than sending field
- High-order digits truncated if receiving field has fewer integer digits than sending field
- Digits in decimal part moved left to right starting at decimal point
- Unfilled low-order decimal positions filled with zeros if receiving field has more decimal positions than sending field
- Low-order digits are truncated if receiving field has fewer decimal positions than sending field
Group Move
- When receiving field is a group item, alphanumeric MOVE rules are followed
- If subfields are numeric, invalid data may be stored in subfields
Recommendations
- Avoid using sending field with different data type than receiving field
- Move numeric fields, numeric literals, or ZEROS to numeric fields
- Move alphanumeric fields, nonnumeric literals, ZEROS or SPACES to alphanumeric fields
Arithmetic Verbs
- ADD, SUBTRACT, MULTIPLY, DIVIDE
- All require fields operated on to
- Have numeric PICTURE clause
- Contain numeric data when statements are executed
- When GIVING phrase is not used
- The identifiers after the word TO, FROM, BY, INTO both contribute to the result and receive the result
- WHEN GIVING phrase is used
- The values of the identifiers to the left of GIVING phrase are left intact after the operation and result is moved to the Identifier after the GIVING phrase
- Only numeric identifiers or literals can be used
- Only the identifiers to the right of reserved word GIVING can have edited symbols
- Result is moved into a receiving data-items according to the rules of numeric move
The ROUNDED Option
- When this option is used, the result is rounded to fit the receiving data-item
- Otherwise it is truncated
The ON SIZE ERROR Option
- A size error condition exists when, after decimal point alignment, the result is truncated on either the left or the right hand side of the decimal point
- If ROUNDED option is used, then a size error only occurs if there is truncation on the left hand side of the decimal point
What Happens if SIZE ERROR Occurs
- The computer does not perform the operation but instead executes the statements in SIZE ERROR clause
- Example
ADD amt1 amt2 TO amt3 GIVING total
SIZE ERROR MOVE ZEROS TO total
END-ADD
Multiply Rules
- Only two operands can be multiplied
- To obtain product of 3 operands requires two instructions
The COMPUTE Verb
- Arithmetic expression evaluated according to normal arithmetic rules from left to right following precedence rules
- Precedence rules:
- Brackets
- Power
- Multiply, divide
- Addition, subtraction
Edited Pictures
- "Edit Symbols" are used in PICTURE clause to make data fields more readable
- e.g. Display 001495 as $14.95
- PICTURE clauses which include edit symbols are called "Edited Pictures"
- Edit symbols have the effect of changing, or editing, the data inserted into the edited item
- Edited items can not be used as operands in a computation but they may be used as the result or destination of a computation (i.e. to the right of the word GIVING)
Example: Printing Decimal Point
- Operation: Move In-Amt to Out-Amt
| Field Positions |
Picture |
Contents
|
| In-Amt |
99V99 |
12^34
|
| Out-Amt |
99.99 |
12.34
|
- DISPLAY In-Amt
- DISPLAY Out-Amt
Edit Types
- COBOL provides two basic types of editing
- Insertion Editing - Modifies a value by including additional items
- Suppression and Replacement Editing - Suppresses and replaces leading zeros
| Edit Symbols
|
| Edit Symbol |
Editing Type
|
| , B 0 / |
Simple Insertion
|
| . |
Special Insertion
|
| + - CR DB $ |
Fixed Insertion
|
| + - $ |
Floating Insertion
|
| Z * |
Suppression and Replacement
|
